Method of manufacturing asbestoscement shingles or the like



May 16. 1944.. w. GERITY 2,348,3Q4

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ASBESTOS-CEMENT SHINGLES OR THE LIKE Filed April 11, 1940 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR 'lWLL MM 65F/7'Y ATTORNEY may 16, 1944. w. GERITY 2,343,804

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ASBESTOS-CEMENT SHINGLES OR THE LIKE Filed April 11, 1940 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 fime //'7 hrs. in mac/1.

140 "E /0/' pressing Meds urez/from c uf-off d acc um u/afor /'0// INVENTOR ATTO RN EY Patented May 16, 1944 METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ASBESTOS- CEMENT SHINGLES OR THE LIKE William Gerity, Rutherford, N. 1., assignor to The Patent and Licensing Corporation,

New York,

N. Y., a corporation of Massachusetts v Application April 11, 1940, Serial No. 329,044

11' Claims.

This invention relates to the manufacture of asbestos-cement products and more particularly to products ofthis general character adapted for use as shingles or like elements.

For many years prior to my invention, asbestos-cement sheets or slabs have been made by the so-called wet process which, though improved in certain respects. during the course of theyears, stems from and is predicated upon the principles of the method described in patent to Hatschek, Reissue 12,594, January 15, 1907.

Basically, the wet process involves the use of a forming machine, commonly referred to as a wet machine, for the formation of -wet films of the asbestos-cement composition from a watery slurry containing suitable proportions of cement and asbestos fiber. The Watery slurry is supplied to the vat or vats of a forming mold or molds in which a cylinder screen revolves and picks up a relatively thin, wet film of the solids in felted formation upon the outer surface of the screen. These films are then couched onto an endless felt blanket which conveys them to a rotating accumulator roll upon which successive laminations of the films are wound until a sufllcient number thereof are obtained to produce a sheet of the desired thickness.

The sheet of material, after being built to desired thickness on the accumulator roll, is then slitted and removed therefrom in substantially iiat condition and another sheet then starts to build-up on the accumulator. The sheets removed from the accumulator are then subjected to further treatment necessary to produce the finished products. These subsequent operations include usually, among others, the pressing of the sheets, or slabs into which they have been cut, in order to remove surplus water and compact each slab to the density and thickness desired in the finished product, followed by hardening and curing of the pressed slab until they attain the required strength for shipment and use.

I have discovered that the manufacture of shingles and like products by the wet process can be greatly improved by maintaining the slurry or stock in the vats of the forming machine,

'at controlled elevated temperatures, as contrasted with the practice prior to my invention, wherein the temperature of the stock might vary, depending mainly upon the season of the year, from say 50' F. to say 80 F.

I have found that by maintaining the temperature of the stock at between 110 and 120 F. according to the invention, the rate of production of the shingles is greatly increased, thus reducing the amount of equipment and factory space required to manufacture a given quantity of the finished product, with resultant lowering in the cost of manufacture. Moreover, products made according to the invention are of better quality than those made by the wet process as practiced prior to my invention.

More specifically, the maintenance of the stock from which the shingles are formed at controlled elevated temperatures of the order indicated. renders the stock more fiowable and thereby enables it to be picked up from the vats by the cylinder screens faster and yet more uniformly than is possible when the temperature of the stock is relatively low or normal. The blanket carrying the films couched from the cylinder screens is acted upon by vacuum or suction boxes in order to remove some of the water contained in the films and this removal of water from the films on the blanket also takes place at a faster rate when the water is at an elevated temperature,

with a given vacuum, in accordance with the invention, than when the temperature thereof is normal or relatively low. This greater efficiency of water removal permits a faster rate of travel of the blanket carrying the films over the vacuum boxes and to the accumulator roll. The increase in the rate at which the stock can thus be picked up by the cylinder screens and transferred to the accumulator roll makes possible, inconjunction with other features of the invention, up to faster production from the wet machine as compared to the production rate when employing water at relatively low or normal atmospheric temperatures.

Moreover, by operating according to the invention, the piles or laminations transferred to the accumulator roll are relatively drier and less sticky than is otherwise the case, and consequently, when the desired number of laminations have been wound on the accumulator, the stripping of the resultant sheet therefrom can be accomplished much easier and faster, and with fewer damaged sheets and lessirequent stoppage of the machine to scrape off broken pieces from the accumulator roll. Further, the moist, plastic sheets removed from the accumulator roll when operating in accordance with the invention are stronger due to the removal of more water from the plies by the action of the vacuum or suction boxes and consequently these sheets can be handled faster, easier and with less tearing or other damage to the sheets. Since sheets torn at this stage are returned to the system to be reworked,

fewer torn or damaged sheets furtb er contributes to the greater efiiciency and lowering in cost of operation.

In the manufacture of shingles, the relatively large sheets removed from the accumulator are cut into smaller units approximating the size of the shingles or other products being manufactured, and the units are then arranged in piles, with divider plates between adjacent units, for pressing them in order to compact the units to the desired density and thickness. Beforev being pressed, however, the units must be aged until they have hardened to a sufllcient degree to withstand the pressing action and to permit, after the pressing has been done, immediate removal of the divider plates from the surfaces of the units without sticking of the units to the divider plates. In usual practice, prior to my invention, it required from three to as much as eight hours for properly aging the wet units before they could be pressed without substantial dangerof injury during the pressing operation or by removal of the divider plates immediately after pressing. It is an important feature of the invention that by the use of the controlled elevated temperatures in the operation of the wet machine, an aging period of not more than about one and a half hours is adequate to permit of pressing the units arranged in stacks or piles thereof and removing the divider plates immediately after the pressing. This reduction in the time required for proper agingof the units before pressing is undoubtedly due to the fact that the use of the elevated temperatures in the wet machine operation greatly accelerates the rate of hydration of the cement, thus bringing about a mor rapid hardening of the sheets than is otherwise the case. And, as a result of the reduction in the time required for aging of the units before they are pressed, less space and equipment are required to store and handle them v during this aging period.

The units after being pressed are at a temperature favorable to rapid hydration of the cement and consequently hydration of the cement proceeds at a rapid rate so that the curing of the cement is very greatly accelerated. By surrounding the pressed units, preferably arranged in piles, with a warm, moisture laden, atmosphere, the rapid curing rate can be maintained even though the temperature does not substantially exceed 175 F. After exposure to these curing conditions for approximately sixteen hours, the units may then be cut or trimmed to final size while still hot and be easily surface dried by virtue of their latent heat, whereupon they may be packaged in bundles for shipment.

An important feature of the invention resides in the means employed for adapting it to use in the operation of the wet machine conducted as a closed system.

Other features and advantages will appear from a consideration of the more detailed description which is to follow and from the accompanying drawings in which Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of appatus arranged for carrying out the invention, and

Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating the effect of the controlled elevated temperatures, employed in carrying out the invention, in accelerating the aging and curing of the product.

Referring in detail to Fig. 1, the numeral I- indicates a beater or mixer which may be of any well known form, wherein suitably proportioned quantities of asbestos fiber and cement (delivered thereto by suitable feed devices from hoppers, not shown) are mixed with water to form a slurry thereof. The water for forming the slurry is furnished to the beater as hereinafter explained. The cement and asbestos fiber may be in the proportions of to 30% of asbestos and 70 to 85% of cement. Material withdrawn from the beater as through a pipe H is delivered to a storage chest l2 for maintaining a supply of the slurry to be delivered to the wet machine where the stock is formed into sheets. The'wet machine proper comprises a series of vats, three being illustrated at l4, l6 and II. The slurry from the stuff chest l2 may be delivered through pipe l1 to a supply trough from which it is fed to the vats l6 and I8 as through pipes 2|, 22. The stock for the vat I4 is prepared separately from that to be supplied to vats l8 and II, the vat l4 being generally employed only when the surface of the products to be made are provided with a veneer or surface layer of predetermined color differing from the color of the stock supplied to the other two vats. In this instance, the ingredients of the stock, including the required proportions of cement, asbestos fiber and coloring agent to be supplied to the vat I 4, are delivered to and mixed in a mixer 23, water being supplied to this mixer as from a pipe 24. The stock is delivered from the mixer through a discharge pipe 25, under control of a valve 25a, to a supply reservoir 26, discharging directly to the vat l4 through the feed line 28 under control of the valve 29. Within the vats l4, I8 and ll are rotating cylindrical screens 20, 32, 34 upon the exterior surfaces of which a layer of the stock from the respective vats is formed when the cylinders are rotated, the level of the stock in the vats being above the level of the effluent in the interior of the cylinders. The eiliuent from the cylinder 30 overflows through a pipe 36 into a pit 01' sump tank 39 and the eiiiuent from the cylinders 32 and 34 overflows through pipes 31, 28 into a pit or sump tank 40.

The material picked up as a wet film on the surfaces of the cylinders during the rotation thereof is couched onto an endless blanket 42 by the action of couch rolls 42, 44, 45 and the films thus transferred to the blanket are conveyed by the latter to a steel surface accumulator drum 41 where they are wound in successive convolutions until a suflicient number of plies or laminations have been built up thereon to provide the desired or required thickness. In accordance with usual practice, where the product being made is to have a surface layer or veneer of predeterminer color, the cylinder III will be active to deposit a film of material from vat I 4 simultaneously with the deposition of films by the cylinders 32 and 34 only at the beginning of each cycle of operation for building up a sheet of the required thickness on the accumulator roll and for a length of time sufiicient to furnish the first lamination immediately against the face of the accumulator roll, whereupon the cylinder 34 is rendered inactive for the balance of the cycle, during which only the cylinders 22 and 34 furnish the laminations to build up the required thickness.

A certain amount of water from the wet plies carried by the blanket to the accumulator roll 41 is abstracted by vacuum boxes at 44 and 48 connected by pipes 50, 5| respectively, to a vacuum pump 52, and by a vacuum box 54 acting upon the underside of the upper run of the blanket, this vacuum box being connected by a Pipe II to-- a vacuum pump 58. The pumps 82, 88 discharge through pipes 52, 58', respectively to the sump tank 48.

The eilluent material from the cylinders 88. 32, 34 and the water sucked out oithe wet plies at the vacuum boxes usually contains from 0.5 to 2% solids, comprising cement fines and very short asbestos fibers, suspended therein.

My invention more particularly contemplates the operation of the wet machine in a so-called closed system, wherein these suspended solids are segregated as by concentration in settling tanks and returned, as is the clarified water, for use in the system, only such additional quantities of fresh water being supplied to the system as is necessary to replace that which is carried out of the system with the sheets delivered from the wet machine, or which is lost by evaporation etc.

As shown, the bottom of the sump tank 48 is inclined so that 'the liquid material therein will flow to a pump 51 by which it is delivered as through a pipe 51 to a settling cone 58 of wellknown construction. The concentrated or thickened suspension containing usually 3 to 5% solids is withdrawn through the pipe 58 by the siphoning action of the stand pipe 88 and may be continuously fed, as through the pipe 82, to the supply trough 28. The underflow or thickened material withdrawn from this cone also serve as a supply of water to the beater I8, intermittently, with each fresh charging of asbestos fiber and cement to the beater. The overflow of substantially clarified water from the settling cone 58 discharges to a second settling cone 84. The thickened suspension or underfiow from the second cone is also conveyed to the beater I8 through pipe 85, connected to the stand pipe 88, when the heater is charged with a fresh supply of cement and asbestos fiber. The overflow from the settling cone 84 discharges to a third cone 88 and since this overflow is substantially free of any suspended solids, the cone 88 may be considered to serve merely as a storage reservoir for the clarified water. This clarified water is employed as a shower or spray for the cylinders 32 and 34 to clean the openings therein after the film formed during the rotation thereof has been couched onto the blanket 42. the water from the cone 88 feeds through the pipe 88 to the pump 18 by which it is delivered through the pipe H to a spray 12 adjacent the surface of the cylinder 32 and through a branch line 14 to a spray 15 adjacent the surface of the cylinder 38. Some of the water delivered by the pump 18 is also fed through the pipe 11 to a showering spray 18 located on the inner side of the blanket 42 along the vertically running stretch 18 of its return from the accumulator roll to the forming cylinders. As the inner face of the blanket is showered with water from spray 18, the outer face of the blanket is whip ed as by a whipper device 88. Thus, the blanket is cfilciently cleansed of solids that may be retained in the pores thereof. The shower water may then be largely sucked out of the blanket by a vacuum roll 8| around which the blanket travels, the roll 8I being connected by nine 82 to a vacuum pump 84 discharging into t e sump tank 48.

The effluent from the cylinder 88 collected in the sump tank 38 may be delivered by um 88 through a pipe 8'! to a settling cone 88 from which the concentrated suspension of solid is delivered through the pipe 88 for re urn to t e vat I4. The supernatant clarified water fr m the settling cone 88 is delivered through-the pipe 88 by the pump M to a showering spray 84 acting against the cylinder 88. Oveflow from the cone 88 discharges into the cone 88. The spray 84 serves to wash the material picked up by cylinder 38 during that portion of each cycle for Building up a sheet of the required thickness on the accumulator roll, when it is desired not to deposit material from the vat I4. Thus, at the beginning of each such cycle, the' flow of material through the feed pipe 88 is interrupted by closing the valve 88 so that during the interval of time when no water is fed through the spray 84, the

deposit picked up by the cylinder 88 will be couched onto the blanket 42 for transfer to the accumulator roll. This interval is of such duration as to permit the transfer of a film from cylinder 88 extending over a length of the blanket corresponding substantially to the circumference of the accumulator roll, whereupon the opening of valve 88 will prevent transfer of material picked up by cylinder 88 during the balance of the cycle.

Although any means may be employed to maintain the stock in the vats I4, I8, I8 at the controlled elevated temperatures herein referred to, I have found that these temperatures may be most conveniently maintained and numerous other advantages secured by feeding steam into the system through the settling cones. Thus, as shown in-Fig. l, a main steam line 88 is connected by a branch line 81 leading to the inlet side of the settling cone 88. Similarly, a branch line 88 from the main 88 feeds steam to the inlet side of the settling cone 84 and a line 88 feeds steam to the inlet side of the settling cone 88. Lines I88, I8I, I82 connected to the main 88 may also be provided to extend into thedischarge side of the settling cones 58, 88, 88 respectively. In actual operation, steam may be fed from anyone or all of the lines 81 to I82 inclusive at the start of the operation in order to provide a quick initial warming up of the system, after which it is necessary only to feed steam through the lines 81 and 88 in order to maintain the controlled temperature conditions in t e system during continued operation. Water required to provide the desired consistency of the stock for vats I8 and I8 may be supplied through the feed pipe I84, which preferably is connected directly to the steam line 81. Excess water that may accumulate in the cone 88 overfiows through pipe I85.

By thus introducing steam into the system in the manner described, the temperature ofthe stock in the forming vats and of the system a". a whole may be maintained at between and 128 F. At the elevated temperature which thus prevails in the beater I8 and in the chest I2 and supnly trough 28, the cement is more quickly wetted and the asbestos fiber more quickly hydrated than at normal relatively low temperatures. The stock not only felts easier, more uniformly, and faster on the cylinder screens, permitting faster rotation of the screens. but water is more quickly withdrawn from the deposited films on the blanket by the action of the suction oxes 48, 48 and 54, permitting a corresponding i crease in the speed of the blanket. Since the films or l'aminations contain less water when thev r s ch the accumulator roll than is the case where the stock in the vats is at normal atmospheri temperatures or therebelow, the sheets are drier and less sticky and hence stronger and more easily removable from the accumulator, with le s danger of injury to the sheets. The solids in pended solids to the wet machine. In addition,

the clarified water from settling cones is actually cleaner and more free from unsettled solids, and

which the sheets are formed is at substantially lower temperatures. Thus, where this stock is at a temperature of approximately 70 F., the

I time required for the sheets to attain temperais thus more eillcient as a shower for the cylinder screens and in cleaning the banket, not only because it is cleaner but also by reason of its elevated temperature. And so long as the tem perature of the clarified water is not too high,

- the use of the elevated temperatures results in less shrinkage and less danger of destruction of the wool content of the blankets than where the water is relatively cold.

The sheets as built up on the accumulator roll I! may be removed therefrom as by slitting through a depression 41a extending lengthwise ,along the surface of the roll and the sheets thus removed are delivered to a receiving table I01. Since the area of the accumulator roll surface is usually several times that of commercial forms of shingles, the sheets delivered to the receiving table are cut into units of a size approximating that of the finished products. At this stage, the units contain about 22 to 25% water and are still relatively soft and plastic and considerably thicker than the thickness of the finished products. For the production of commercial forms of shingles, therefore, it is necessary to subject the units to a pressing operation in order to compact them to the desired density and thickness. For that purpose the units are assembled in piles with metal or other suitable divider plates inserted between the adjacent units of each pileor stack. The divider plates may be either smooth surfaced, or where it is desired that one surface of the finished product be provided with a rough or textured surface, as one simulating wood grain, the divider plates, or alternate ones thereof used in the stack, are correspondingly embossed on one or both surfaces thereof. Before so assembling the units in piks or stacks and pressing them, they must be allowed to age so that they will be hard enough to withstand the pressing action and permit removal of the divider plates from the surfaces of the pressed units, immediately or reasonably promptly after the pressing operation, without sticking of the units to the plates or causing delamination or disfigurement of the units, as frequently occurs when the plates are separated from the pile after pressing units that have not been adequately aged before the pressing.

When operating in accordance with the invention, an aging period of one to one and a half hours is generally sufiicient to harden the shingles so that they can be pressed in the manner described and so that the divider plates can be removed from the pile or stack immediately after the pressing operation.

The reason for this more rapid aging of the units cut from the wet sheets will be evident from a consideration of Fig. 2 hereof. As will be noted from curve A there shown, the temperature of the wet sheets when formed from the slurry or stock maintained at a temperature of approximately 110 F. increases to a temperature of 140 F. within about one and a quarter hours, thus bringing about earlier hydration and initial hardening of the cement than is the case where the slurry or stock from tures of F., as indicated by curve B of Fig. 2, is of the order of five and a half hours and it would not be safe, therefore, to press the units in that instance prior to the lapse of about four hours of that interval, if the divider plates are to be removed immediately or shortly after pressing. Similarly, as shown by curve C of Fig. 2, where the temperature of the stock from which the sheets are formed is as low as 55 F., the sheets will not attain a temperature of 140 1''. until after about seven hours and it would not be safe in this case to press the shingles prior to the lapse of approximately six to six and a half hours of this interval, if the divider plates are to be removed immediately or shortly after pressing.

The pressing operation may be conducted in any suitable hydraulic press adapted to exert a pressure of the order of 3000 to 5000 pounds, or thereabouts, per square inch. By this pressing action, the units are densified and reduced in thickness to approximately four-fifths their original thickness, a substantial amount of the water being expressed therefrom during the pressing action. Generally where the moisture content of the units before being pressed is about 22 to 25% (calculated on their wet weight), pressures of the order of 3500 pounds per square 'inch reduces the moisture content to about 17 to 18% (calculated on the wet weight of the pressed material), this amount being sufficient to supply the water necessary to complete the hydration of the cement component and still leave about 10% as normal moisture content in the finished product. a

After the units have been pressed and the divider plates removed from the piles as above described, they may be piled in stacks in a closed room or chamber wherein the units are subjected to a warm, moisture laden atmosphere, as by introducing or bleeding live steam from small jets into the room or chamber. In this manner, rapid curing of the units can be achieved even though the temperature does not substantially exceed F. After exposure to these curing conditions for approximately sixteen hours, the units may then be cut or trimmed to final size while still hot and be easily surface dried by virtue of their latent heat, whereupon they may be packaged in bundles for shipment. The finished products made in the manner described and using a pressure of the order of 3500 pounds per square inch during the pressing operation, have a strength represented by a modulus of rupture of from 3000 to 3500 pounds per square inch within twenty-four hours. With pressing pressures of the order of 5500 pounds per square inch, the modulus of rupture is about 6000 pounds per square inch within twenty-four hours. Moreover, after being dried and before they are packaged, products made by my invention contain only about 10% of free moisture and are, therefore, less subject to the occurrence of eillorescence due to carbon dioxide absorption than is the case with shingles made by the wet process as practiced prior to my invention and cured at low temperatures, since such shingles usually contain as much as 15% of free moisture.

from objectionable white or light colored edges which frequently otherwise result.

This, it will be seen that by my invention, unior the use of water at relatively low temperatures in the operation of the wet machine. By my invention, it becomes possible to produce finished shingles or similar products of improved quality, packaged and ready for shipment within the space of eighteen to twenty hours from the time the cement and asbestos fiber are first mixed together as raw materials. The operation is not only faster and less costly because of the smaller amount of equipment and space required for the production of a given quantity of finished product as well as for storage and handling of materials in process and finished products, with resultant additional lowering in the labor cost to produce a given volume of finished product, but is also smoother from beginning to end, resulting in a lower percentage of rejects because of failure of the product to meet the required standards of strength and appearance.

While the invention has been described with particular reference to the manufacture of shingles, it will be understood that operation of the wet machine according to the invention will afford generally similar benefits and advantages when utilized for the manufacture of other asbestos-cement products.

I claim:

1. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement products from a wet slurry of cement and asbestos fiber, the steps which comprise maintaining said slurry at a temperature of 110 to 120 F., forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, and building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet.

2. In the manufacture of asbestor-cement shingles from a wet slurry of cement and asbestos fiber, the steps which comprise maintaining said slurry at a temperature of 110 to 120 F., forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, cutting said sheet into units and subjecting a plurality of said units, while arranged in a pile, to

pressure whereby to compact the individual units to the required density and thickness.

3. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement Sh1I1-.

gles from a wet slurry of cement and asbestos fiber, the steps which comprise maintaining said slurry at a temperature of 110 to 120 F., forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, cutting said sheet into units, allowing the wet units to set for a period of one to two hours, collecting a plurality of such units in a. pile with divider plates between the individual units of the pile, and subjecting the pile of said units, to pressure of the order of 3000 to 6000 pounds per square inch, and removing the divider plates from the pile substantially immediately after pressing.

4. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement products from a wet. slurry of cement and asbestos fiber, the steps which comprise maintaining said slurry at a temperature of 110 to 120 F.. forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, treating the eiliuent from said dewatering step while maintaining the same at a temperature of *culties caused by seasonal changes in the weather about 110" F. to effect settling of the solids as a thickened suspension, and utilizing the thickened suspension of solids in making up fresh quantities of the slurry.

5. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement shingles from a wet slurry of cement and asbestos fiber, the steps which comprise maintaining said slurry at a temperature of 110 to 120 F., forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, treating the eiiluent from said dewatering step while maintaining the same at a temperature of about 1". to eflect settling of the solids as a thickened suspension utilizing the thickened suspension of solids in making up fresh quantities of the slurry, cutting units from the built-up sheet, and subjecting a plurality of said units to densifying pressure while arrangeu in a pile.

6. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement shingles from a wet slurry of cement and asbestos fiber. the steps which comprise maintaining said slurry at a temperature of 110 to F., forming wet plies from said slurry by'dewatering the same through screen openings, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, treating the efiiuent from said dewatering step while maintaining the same at a temperature of about 110 F. to effect separation of the same into clarified water and a thickened suspension of the solids contained therein, utilizing the thickened suspension of solids in making up fresh quantities of the slurry, cutting units from the built-up sheet, cutting said sheet into units. subjecting a plurality of said units to densifying pressure while arranged in a pile, and utilizing the clarified water to keep said screen openings clear.

'7. In the process of making asbestos-cement products from a slurry of asbestos fiber and cement, the steps which comprise forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, collecting the eiliuent from the dewatering of the slurry, segregating the effluent into clarified water and a thickened suspension of the solids contained in the eilluent, maintaining the temperature of said slurry and of the eiiluent undergoing segregation at approximately 110 to 120 F'., and mixing the segregated suspension with fresh quantities of asbestos fiber and cement to form additional quantities of slurry.

8. In the process of making asbestos-cement products from a slurry of asbestos fiber and cement, the steps which comprise forming wet plies from said slurry by dewatering the same, building up a sheet by laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet, collecting the eiiiuent from the dewatering of the slurry, segregating the eiliuent into clarified water and a thickened suspension of the solids contained in the eiiiuent, maintaining the temperature of said slurry at approximately 110 to 120 F., maintaining the temperature of the thickened suspension at approximately 110 to 120 F., mixing portions of the same with previously prepared slurry and mixing other portions thereof with fresh quantities of asbestos fiber and cement to form additional quantitles of slurry.

9. In the process of making. asbestos-cement shingles by dewatering a slurry of asbestos fiber and cement, the steps which comprise collecting the eiiluent from the dewatering of the slurry, segregating the eiiiuent into clarified water and a thickened suspension of the solids contained in the efliuent, maintaining the temperature of said slurry at approximately 110 to 120 F., maintainin: the temperature of the thickened suspension at approximately 110 to 120 F., mixing portions of the same with previously prepared slurry and mixing other portions thereoi with fresh quantitles of asbestos fiber and cement tqform additional quantities of slurry, maintaining the temperature of the clarified water at approximately 110 to 120 F., and utilizing the same as a shower for keeping the dewatering means clear.

10. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement products by dewatering a slurry of cement and "asbestos fiber, the, steps which comprise collecting the emuent from the dewatering of the slurry, recovering a thickened suspension of the solids therefrom, heating the eilluent while undergoing said recovery, mixing said suspension with fresh quantities of cement and asbestos fiber whereby to form additional quantities of slurry and impart thereto a temperature of 110 to 120 F., forming wet plies by dewatering said slurry while the latter is maintained at the temperatur aforesaid, and laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet.

11. In the manufacture of asbestos-cement products by dewatering a slurry of cement and asbestos fiber, the steps which comprise collecting the eiiluent from the dewatering of the slurry, recovering a thickened suspension of the solids therefrom, feeding steam into the ellluent while undergoing recovery whereby to increase the temperature thereof to approximately 110 to 120 1",, mixing said suspension with fresh quantities'oi cement and asbestos fiber whereby to form additional quantities of slurry and impart thereto a temperature of 110 to 120 l"., forming wet plies by dewatering said slurry while the latter is maintained at the temperature aforesaid, and laminating a predetermined number of said plies while wet.

WILLIAM GERI'IY. 

